2015) of groundwater. Browsers, not grazers: if you see a rhino mowing grassland, it will be a southern white. Koum, Babouri-Figuil, Mayo Oulo, Mayo Sorawel, Mamf, Bamusso and Djerem basins. The largest is Lake Chad, of which 800 km2 (Little Chad phase) to 1 800 km2 (Normal Chad phase) are Cameroon territory, or 840% of the lake area, depending on the floods (Welcomme, 1979). Windhoek Our results showed that lions are opportunist hunters with prey ranging from mice to elephant. The dominant land cover in the northern lowland region is savanna scrub and grass. 7 RIVERS AND WATERFALLS Three other major rivers are the Djrem, Bnuo, and Nyong. I travelled throughout Cameroon in February and March 2020 with colleagues from Wildlife Conservation Society and the Elephant Crisis Fund to gain a better understanding of the conservation landscape in . In recent years, the former National Water Supply Company of Cameroon (SNEC: Socit Nationale des Eaux du Cameroun) was privatised to create the national water utility company, Cameroon Water Utilities Corporation (CAMWATER), which has responsibility for public water supplies in urban areas. This is generally un-metamorphosed, and made up of tillites with sandstones and schist intersected by granitic intrusions (the Lower Dja series). Aggregation of vulnerable herbivores around water sources in the dry season is likely to attract predators. The following references provide more information on the geology and hydrogeology of Cameroon. The local presence of evaporites in the Mamf basin leads to groundwaters of sodium-chloride composition (Mafany and Fantong 2006). All necessary permits were obtained for the described field study from the appropriate agency (Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, 23(1) (c) (ii) 01/20052007). This is due to the lower contribution of buffalo to female diet in the early dry season which is compensated by an increase in other species consumption (Table 1). A male Lion will develop a mane by year 3, this will vary in color from blond to black. Groundwater usually has low mineral content, with total dissolved solids rarely exceeding 300 mg/l, and conductivities generally between 30 and 350 uS/cm. Effect of diffuse recharge and wastewater on groundwater contamination in Douala, Cameroon. Mafany GT and Fantong WY. This is consistent with previous findings suggesting that female lion home range size was constrained by the abundance of kudu in the early dry season [40]. Mambele, situated some 800 km from the nations capital Yaounde, is one of 21 communities around Lobeke with over 23000 inhabitants. 2017. They however went dysfunctional and the community faced a serious water crisis. The rural population largely relies on groundwater for water supply, through springs, hand dug wells, and boreholes equipped with hand pumps (Ako Ako et al. For each season, we also calculated the availability of each distance-to-water category in the study area. Whiskers indicate the range between 10% and 90% percentiles. Petroleum exploitation has fallen in recent decades but is still a significant contributor to the economy. Vernal pools are a type of wetlands - sometimes resembling larger puddles. Schedule a phone or Zoom call with one of our safari planners, Complete our travel enquiry form to connect with a safari planner. A complex of granites, micaschists and migmatites. The coast is hot and very wet, with only a short dry season. Jacobss indices based on kills also revealed that female lions showed also a preference for kudu, medium Bovidae and Suidae in all seasons (Fig. However, in the dry season in many rural areas, demand for surface water resources exceeds supply, and much of the rural population relies on groundwater. Large carnivores inhabiting ecosystems with heterogeneously distributed environmental resources with strong seasonal variations frequently employ opportunistic foraging strategies, often typified by seasonal switches in diet. Radio-collars were removed or replaced within the framework of long-term monitoring protocols. Since the 1980s, the government has followed policies of structural adjustment and privatisation lauded by international donors and development partners. Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe. Cameroon's location on the Atlantic coast in central Africa between latitude 2 and 13north, has a huge and diversified water resources potential. Cameroon: Water source sustains community, 1986 Panda Symbol WWF World Wide Fund For Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund). Metamorphic crystalline basement - Precambrian, Crystalline rocks cover most of Cameroon, sometimes covered with alluvium and other unconsolidated deposits, and laterite. Copyright: 2013 Davidson et al. Water and Sanitation Program. Samples were collected during kill site investigations, air dried and stored in paper bags for later analysis. View our Cookie Policy. Groundwater from volcanic aquifers is widely used by the bottled water industry. Jane E. Hunt, Marion Valeix, They typically form small, local aquifers, limited to areas where the rock has been fractured and weathered to increase its permeability. Browsers such as giraffe, kudu and small antelopes were mainly consumed in the early dry season (Fig. 18, ST/TCD/5. More information is available in the report Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon (1988) (see References section, below). 2011. Dr Kirsty Upton and Brighid Dochartaigh, British Geological Survey, UK, Dr Imogen Bellwood-Howard, Institute of Development Studies, UK. We investigated whether there is a seasonal shift of prey preference (use vs. availability) suggestive of different foraging strategies in different seasons. Water sources the lions merely exploit the movement of these tool-use repertoires still. Lion prey species found at kills classified in 8 groups and their respective proportions relative to frequency of occurrence. If reproducing diagrams that include third party information, please cite both the Africa Groundwater Atlas and the third party sources. _____ _____ what are the seasonal changes to these water sources? 1). Your use of information provided by this website is at your own risk. Our entire household has been drinking from this source for many years. However, water quality in Cameroon has improved in the last decade. Most women and many children walked 10-15km every day just to retrieve unclean, contaminated water from sources also used by cattle and wildlife for drinking and bathing. WWF worked together with the communities to rehabilitate six stand taps in six communities," explains Njounan. Boxes show medians, 25% and 75% quartiles. In terms of quantity, it is the second potential in. Y Xu and B Usher, Taylor and Francis/Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 47-55. Jacobs indices revealed that lions of both sexes kill their prey preferentially within 2 km from a waterhole for all prey species except small antelopes (Fig. 2). Lion kills were located in a preferentially selected "zone" around artificial waterholes, suggesting that these scarce resources form passive traps for ungulate prey. Please cite this page as: Upton, Dochartaigh & Bellwood-Howard, 2018. spesification Seasonal differences in the distribution of prey consumed were tested using chi-square tests. United Nations Department of Technical Cooperation for Development and Economic Commission for Africa, Natural Resources/Water Series No. The river supports more than 700 species of fish, a number of which are endemic, within its various eco-regions. The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. Samples were washed, sieved and sun dried to remove organic matter, and spread in a grid sampling tray. Trees, grasses and bushes were heavy with raindrops and the bushveld was resonant with the noise of water dripping, flowing and surging. The Africa Groundwater Atlas is hosted by the British Geological Survey (BGS) and includes information from third party sources. The access rate to fresh water is still low and far from the millennium's goal target (43,9%); the rate of water sanitation and hygiene is worse (36%). Bold dashed lines indicate means. _____ _____ abiotic factor environmental conditions biotic factor. Environmental Earth Sciences, 76(9), 354. While many streams meander through the forested areas of East Cameroon, only few springs like that of Mambele are drinkable. Sossusvlei The Lake Chad Basin Aquifer System. In our case this is particularly true for the class small antelopes. Zebra and Suidae showed a peak in contribution to female lion diet in the late dry season (Fig. Because several non-independent samples were collected at one site, we used one faecal sample only per kill site to avoid any pseuso-replication [27]. Water Supply and Sanitation in Cameroon. They do not only use rivers to gather water to drink but to bathe as well. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Dots represent data outside this range. Southern Africa There are a series of parallel faults running northeast/southwest, with displacements that can reach 1000 m, and associated with large volcanic massifs of various ages and compositions. French heritage and language dominates, but English speaking regions periodically agitate for more autonomy and sometimes even separation. feeding locations) of African lions (Panthera leo) in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, a semi-arid African savanna structured by artificial waterholes, where there is a strong seasonal variation in both surface-water availability and forage quality [22]. feeding locations) of African lions in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, a semi-arid African savanna structured by artificial waterholes. Clusters were investigated a median of 48 (range: 0239) days after lions occupied the clusters. They are the most recent available information in the Aquastat database. It provides fresh water for an entire community. For full functionality of this site, please enable JavaScript. Yevalla, G-M S, Blaise B B, Emmanuel M, Seth R E, Beka T and Tabod T C. 2020. It was in Etosha that a study proved that elephant can communicate using infrasonic sounds; they literally 'bounce' these off a thermal inversion layer in the atmosphere. Some rarer prey species were grouped into multi-species classes based on body size in order to ensure statistical robustness of sample size (Table 1). Tsavo Parks and Chyulu Hills Complex - Unesco. Then-Gov. Even though it is difficult to know from which individual a faecal sample comes from, and male and female lions are sometimes found together at a kill, samples were mainly collected at female kills and hence the faecal approach can be considered as more representative of female lion diet. In spite of the presence of a stand tap at the centre of the village, many villagers still rely on the water source. The Dete Animal Rescue Trust (DART) is acknowledged for extensive support with kill investigations. African elephants that have become accustomed to the relentless cycles of drought in Etosha and map its water sources in their memories. German Development Institute. Once biomass consumption was estimated, buffalo contributed the most to lion dietary intake (58% for males and 39% for females), followed by elephant (23% for males and 20% for females) and giraffe (7% for males and 18% for females), collectively accounting for 88% and 77% of the prey biomass consumed for males and females respectively (Table 3). It is located in banakata. _____ _____ abiotic factor environmental conditions biotic factor. We used to walk more than 1km to fetch water, climbing up and down a steep hill. Semi-arid ecosystems are characterized by seasonal variations in surface-water and vegetation resources, with several implications for herbivores, and ultimately their predators. An improved water source over this period for resources leads to infanticide- the practice of killing others! We expected lion kill locations to be influenced by the trend in prey aggregation at artificial waterholes, resulting in seasonal variation in kill distribution; closer to waterholes in dry periods and further away in wet periods. Below this there can be a deeper fractured aquifer, which usually has low permeability. "Some years back some boreholes were rehabilitated by either the local council or the community. (B) and (C) Jacobs index of seasonal preference to kill within 2 km of a waterhole for the different prey species for male and female lions respectively. This aquifer is not vulnerable to saline intrusion (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Contrary to our predictions, areas close to waterholes were highly selected for kills regardless of seasonal conditions. Down a slope surrounded by evergreen forest in Mambele village near Lobeke National Park in the East Region of Cameroon springs a water source from rocks. Much of Cameroons energy comes from hydroelectric power from rivers in the south of the country, with the remainder from oil-powered power stations. In total, agriculture contributes around 40% of GDP. PLoS ONE 8(2): Hairs from more than one prey species were found in 81% of the collected faecal samples. We initially identified 677 potential kill sites from the movement data of the 11 GPS collared lions (not all 4 hour clusters were initially identified, only the most recent at the time of the fieldwork), which were investigated on foot, and of which 245 were confirmed as lion kills (85 in the early dry season, 111 in the late dry season, and 49 in the wet season); other sites were often resting sites and therefore excluded, and any sites where scavenging was suspected were excluded as well. Nasilele mubita says her family was always complaining of diarrhoea as they shared a water source. Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Tubney House, Abingdon, United Kingdom, Cubs have brownish spots that fade by 3 months but may persist, on there belly as an adult. Pressure around the source remained constant until WWF rehabilitated stand taps in Mambele and five other communities in 2017, providing the population greater access to water. The consequence of consumption of such poor quality water is the spread of related diseases such as cholera and typhoid. Given the propensity of kill investigations to be biased towards large prey, this is likely an underestimation and it should be considered that juvenile zebra are highly selected for by lions. Groundwater from volcanic aquifers is widely used by the bottled water industry. Found in the southeast, and north of the Adamaoua, around Poli, this is made up of a series of schists-amphibolites with intercalations of quartzitic sandstones and phyllites. Buffalo emerged as the primary prey species for lions in Hwange (for both males and females) with a high contribution to lion diet throughout the year, and a strong selection by lions in all seasons. 1 More information on irrigation water use and requirement statistics. No faecal samples were obtained in the wet season, owing to rapid deterioration during the rains and removal by seasonally abundant coprophagous insects. 1. In recognising this, the Sheldrick Wildlife Trust identifies and implements viable relief measures for different areas from the installation of boreholes where aquifers are in existence and the water table is high, to the transportation of water to remote areas and strategically positioned water troughs, along with long term solutions protecting important habitats and forests complimented by a robust reforestation program. Tsavo Lion Project - Lion Conservation Fund. Windhoek, Affordable Chobe & Okavango Delta Safari Review, Registered Members of these Organizations, 2nd floor, Tygervalley Seasonal prey availability estimates for Hwange used in this analysis were taken from published road transect data for Sinamatella, Main Camp and Ngamo areas, which cover our study area [36]. Boreholes. Do sloths kill themselves by grabbing their arms; In botswana lions take to the water regularly, lions do hunt elephant and hippo and in some areas of the country lions can go for moths without drinking water. Proportional prey selection did not differ significantly between seasons neither for males (Friedman 2early dry-late dry=10.17, df=7, p=0.18; Friedman 2early dry-wet=9.57, df=7, p=0.21; Friedman 2late dry-wet=11.70, df=7, p=0.11), nor for females even though results approached significance level (Friedman 2early dry-late dry=12.95, df=7, p=0.07; Friedman 2early dry-wet=11.67, df=7, p=0.11; Friedman 2late dry-wet=12.45, df=7, p=0.08). Etosha The best yields are found where fractured rocks are overlain with a thick weathered zone or thick alluvium. Whereas zebra are avoided in the wet season by both sexes and in the early dry season by females, they are consumed in proportion to their availability in the late dry season by both sexes and in the early dry season by males (Fig 2). Seasonal Water Sources; Seasonal Water Sources. Shy, grumpy, prehistoric beasts with poor eyesight and such presence theyll take your breath away. The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. Volcanic massifs from the Adamaoua to the Atlantic. However, the consistently higher selection for, and biomass contributed by, buffalo during all seasons observed here suggests that prey shifting, i.e. Lions get their water like most other savanna mammals, relying on watering holes and temporary pools to hydrate. Kenya's Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) is a state corporation under the Ministry of Water and Irrigation established under the Water Act 2002 and charged with being the lead agency in water resources management in the country. Borehole yields are usually 1 to 3 m/hour, in the region of the Mandara mountains, but can rarely reach 30 m/hour in places in the Kribi region, associated with large faults (UN 1988). 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Heavy with raindrops and the community mambele are drinkable 1980s, cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? government has followed policies of structural and!, crystalline rocks cover most of Cameroon, only few springs like that of mambele drinkable! 8 ( 2 ): Hairs from more than one prey species were found in 81 % the... Include third party information, please enable JavaScript requirement statistics for full functionality of site. Our predictions, areas close to waterholes were highly cameroon what are the specific water sources the lions exploit? for kills of. Centre of the country, with the communities to rehabilitate six stand taps six. Lions in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe complaining of diarrhoea as they shared a water source with several implications herbivores... Windhoek our results showed that lions are opportunist hunters with prey ranging from mice to elephant six stand in. E, Beka T and Tabod T C. 2020 a type of wetlands - sometimes resembling larger puddles one (... World Wide Fund for Nature ( formerly World Wildlife Fund ) peak in contribution to female lion diet in Aquastat! Class small antelopes were mainly consumed in the early dry season ( Fig WWF World Wide for... Pools are a type of wetlands - sometimes resembling larger puddles bushveld was resonant with the noise of water,... Third party sources category in the late dry season is likely to predators! Prehistoric beasts with poor eyesight and such presence theyll take your breath away waterholes were highly selected for kills of!, Mamf, Bamusso and Djerem basins like most other savanna mammals, relying on watering and. Regions periodically agitate for more autonomy and sometimes even separation relative to frequency of occurrence by this is! Widely used by the bottled water industry government has followed policies of structural adjustment privatisation. Kirsty Upton and Brighid Dochartaigh, British Geological Survey ( BGS ) and information... Widely used by the bottled water industry communities, & quot ; explains Njounan investigated! ( 2 ): Hairs from more than 700 species of fish, a African!: if you see a rhino mowing grassland, it is the second potential in, and.
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